Lessor known Apache Machine Learning languages

Machine learning is a very popular topic in recent times, and we keep hearing about languages such as R, Python and Spark. In addition to these we have commercially available machine learning languages and tools from SAS, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle, Google, Amazon, etc., etc. Everyone want a slice of the machine learning market!

The Apache Foundation supports the development of new open source projects in a number of areas. One such area is machine learning. If you have read anything about machine learning you will have come across Spark, and maybe you might believe that everyone is using it. Sadly this isn't true for lots of reasons, but it is very popular. Spark is one of the project support by the Apache Foundation.

But are there any other machine learning projects being supported under the Apache Foundation that are an alternative to Spark? The follow lists the alternatives and lessor know projects: (most of these are incubator/retired/graduated Apache projects)

Flink	Flink is an open source system for expressive, declarative, fast, and efficient data analysis. Stratosphere combines the scalability and programming flexibility of distributed MapReduce-like platforms with the efficiency, out-of-core execution, and query optimization capabilities found in parallel databases. Flink was originally known as Stratosphere when it entered the Incubator. Documentation (graduated)
HORN	HORN is a neuron-centric programming APIs and execution framework for large-scale deep learning, built on top of Apache Hama. Wiki Page (Retired)
HiveMail	Hivemall is a library for machine learning implemented as Hive UDFs/UDAFs/UDTFs Apache Hivemall offers a variety of functionalities: regression, classification, recommendation, anomaly detection, k-nearest neighbor, and feature engineering. It also supports state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms such as Soft Confidence Weighted, Adaptive Regularization of Weight Vectors, Factorization Machines, and AdaDelta. Apache Hivemall offers a variety of functionalities: regression, classification, recommendation, anomaly detection, k-nearest neighbor, and feature engineering. It also supports state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms such as Soft Confidence Weighted, Adaptive Regularization of Weight Vectors, Factorization Machines, and AdaDelta. Documentation (incubator)
MADlib	Apache MADlib is an open-source library for scalable in-database analytics. It provides data-parallel implementations of mathematical, statistical and machine learning methods for structured and unstructured data. Key features include: Operate on the data locally in-database. Do not move data between multiple runtime environments unnecessarily; Utilize best of breed database engines, but separate the machine learning logic from database specific implementation details; Leverage MPP shared nothing technology, such as the Greenplum Database and Apache HAWQ (incubating), to provide parallelism and scalability. Documentation (graduated)
MXNet	A Flexible and Efficient Library for Deep Learning . MXNet provides optimized numerical computation for GPUs and distributed ecosystems, from the comfort of high-level environments like Python and R MXNet automates common workflows, so standard neural networks can be expressed concisely in just a few lines of code. Webpage (incubator)
OpenNLP	OpenNLP is a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. OpenNLP supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking, parsing, language detection and coreference resolution. Documentation (graduated)
PredictionIO	PredictionIO is an open source Machine Learning Server built on top of state-of-the-art open source stack, that enables developers to manage and deploy production-ready predictive services for various kinds of machine learning tasks. Documentation (graduated)
SAMOA	SAMOA provides a collection of distributed streaming algorithms for the most common data mining and machine learning tasks such as classification, clustering, and regression, as well as programming abstractions to develop new algorithms that run on top of distributed stream processing engines (DSPEs). It features a pluggable architecture that allows it to run on several DSPEs such as Apache Storm, Apache S4, and Apache Samza. Documentation (incubator)
SINGA	SINGA is a distributed deep learning platform. An intuitive programming model based on the layer abstraction is provided, which supports a variety of popular deep learning models. SINGA architecture supports both synchronous and asynchronous training frameworks. Hybrid training frameworks can also be customized to achieve good scalability. SINGA provides different neural net partitioning schemes for training large models. Documentation (incubator)
Storm	Storm is a distributed, fault-tolerant, and high-performance realtime computation system that provides strong guarantees on the processing of data. Storm makes it easy to reliably process unbounded streams of data, doing for realtime processing what Hadoop did for batch processing. Storm is simple, can be used with any programming language. Documentation (graduated)
SystemML	SystemML provides declarative large-scale machine learning (ML) that aims at flexible specification of ML algorithms and automatic generation of hybrid runtime plans ranging from single node, in-memory computations, to distributed computations such as Apache Hadoop MapReduce and Apache Spark. Documentation (graduated)

I will have a closer look that the following SQL based machine learning languages in a lager blog post:

- MADlib

- Storm

Oracle Developer Champion

Yesterday evening I received an email titled 'Invitation to Developer Champion Program'.

What a surprise!

The Oracle Developer Champion program was setup just a year ago and is aimed at people who are active in generating content and sharing their knowledge on new technologies including cloud, micro services, containers, Java, open source technologies, machine learning and various types of databases.
For me, I fit into the machine learning, cloud, open source technologies, a bit on chatbots and various types of databases areas. Well I think I do!

This made me look back over my activities for the past 12-18 months. As an Oracle ACE Director, we have to record all our activities. I'd been aware that the past 12-18 months had been a bit quieter than previous years. But when I looked back at all the blog posts, articles for numerous publications, books, and code contributions, etc. Even I was impressed with what I had achieved, even though it was a quiet period for me.

Membership of Oracle Developer Champion program is for one year, and the good people in Oracle Developer Community (ODC) will re-evaluate what I, and the others in the program, have been up to and will determine if you can continue for another year.

In addition to writing, contributing to projects, presenting, etc Oracle Developer Champions typically have leadership roles in user groups, answering questions on forums and providing feedback to product managers.

The list of existing Oracle Developer Champions is very impressive. I'm honoured to be joining this people.

Click on the image to go to the Oracle Developer Champion website to find out more.

And check out the list of existing Oracle Developer Champions.
 

My book on Oracle R Enterprise translated into Chinese

A couple of days ago the post man knocked on my door with a package. I hadn't ordered anything, so it was a puzzling what it might be.

When I opened the package I found 3 copies of a book in Chinese.

It was one of my books !

One of my books was translated into Chinese !

What a surprise, as I wasn't aware this was happening.

At this time I'm not sure where you can purchase the book, but I'll update this blog post when I find out.

Twitter Analytics using Python - Part 3

This is my third (of five) post on using Python to process Twitter data.

Check out my all the posts in the series.

In this post I'll have a quick look at how to save the tweets you have download. By doing this allows you to access them at a later point and to perform more analysis. You have a few instances of saving the tweets. The first of these is to save them to files and the second option is to save them to a table in a database.

Saving Tweets to files

In the previous blog post (in this series) I had converged the tweets to Pandas and then used the panda structure to perform some analysis on the data and create some charts. We have a very simple command to save to CSV.

# save tweets to a file
tweets_pd.to_csv('/Users/brendan.tierney/Dropbox/tweets.csv', sep=',')

We can inspect this file using a spreadsheet or some other app that can read CSV files and get the following.

When you want to read these tweets back into your Python environment, all you need to do is the following.

# and if we want to reuse these tweets at a later time we can reload them
old_tweets = pd.read_csv('/Users/brendan.tierney/Dropbox/tweets.csv')

old_tweets

That's all very easy!

Saving Tweets to a Database

There are two ways to add tweets to table in the database. There is the slow way (row-by-row) or the fast way doing a bulk insert.

Before we get started with inserting data, lets get our database connection setup and the table to store the tweets for our date. To do this we need to use the cx_oracle python library. The following codes shows the setting up of the connections details (without my actual login details), establishes the connects and then retrieves some basic connection details to prove we are connected.

# import the Oracle Python library
import cx_Oracle

# define the login details
p_username = "..."
p_password = "..."
p_host = "..."
p_service = "..."
p_port = "1521"

# create the connection
con = cx_Oracle.connect(user=p_username, password=p_password, dsn=p_host+"/"+p_service+":"+p_port)
cur = con.cursor()

# print some details about the connection and the library
print("Database version:", con.version)
print("Oracle Python version:", cx_Oracle.version)


Database version: 12.1.0.1.0
Oracle Python version: 6.3.1

Now we can create a table based on the current date.

# drop the table if it already exists
#drop_table = "DROP TABLE TWEETS_" + cur_date
#cur.execute(drop_table)

cre_table = "CREATE TABLE TWEETS_" + cur_date + " (tweet_id number, screen_name varchar2(100), place varchar2(2000), lang varchar2(20), date_created varchar2(40), fav_count number, retweet_count number, tweet_text varchar2(200))"

cur.execute(cre_table)

Now lets first start with the slow (row-by-row) approach. To do this we need to take our Panda data frame and convert it to lists that can be indexed individually.

lst_tweet_id = [item[0] for item in rows3]
lst_screen_name = [item[1] for item in rows3]
lst_lang =[item[3] for item in rows3]
lst_date_created = [item[4] for item in rows3]
lst_fav_count = [item[5] for item in rows3]
lst_retweet_count = [item[6] for item in rows3]
lst_tweet_text = [item[7] for item in rows3]

#define a cursor to use for the the inserts
cur = con.cursor()
for i in range(len(rows3)):
    #do the insert using the index. This can be very slow and should not be used on big data
    cur3.execute("insert into TWEETS_2018_06_12 (tweet_id, screen_name, lang, date_created, fav_count, retweet_count, tweet_text) values (:arg_1, :arg_2, :arg_3, :arg_4, :arg_5, :arg_6, :arg_7)",
                 {'arg_1':lst_tweet_id[i], 'arg_2':lst_screen_name[i], 'arg_3':lst_lang[i], 'arg_4':lst_date_created[i],
                  'arg_5':lst_fav_count[i], 'arg_6':lst_retweet_count[i], 'arg_7':lst_tweet_text[i]})

#commit the records to the database and close the cursor
con.commit()
cur.close()

Now let us look a quicker way of doing this.

WARNING: It depends on the version of the cx_oracle library you are using. You may encounter some errors relating to the use of floats, etc. You might need to play around with the different versions of the library until you get the one that works for you. Or these issues might be fixed in the most recent versions.

The first step is to convert the panda data frame into a list.

rows = [tuple(x) for x in tweets_pd.values]
rows

Now we can do some cursor setup like setting the array size. This determines how many records are sent to the database in each batch. Better to have a larger number than a single digit number.

cur = con.cursor()

cur.bindarraysize = 100

cur2.executemany("insert into TWEETS_2018_06_12 (tweet_id, screen_name, place, lang, date_created, fav_count, retweet_count, tweet_text) values (:1, :2, :3, :4, :5, :6, :7, :8)", rows)

Check out the other blog posts in this series of Twitter Analytics using Python.

Twitter Analytics using Python - Part 2

This is my second (of five) post on using Python to process Twitter data.

Check out my all the posts in the series.

In this post I was going to look at two particular aspects. The first is the converting of Tweets to Pandas. This will allow you to do additional analysis of tweets. The second part of this post looks at how to setup and process streaming of tweets. The first part was longer than expected so I'm going to hold the second part for a later post.

Step 6 - Convert Tweets to Pandas

In my previous blog post I show you how to connect and download tweets. Sometimes you may want to convert these tweets into a structured format to allow you to do further analysis. A very popular way of analysing data is to us Pandas. Using Pandas to store your data is like having data stored in a spreadsheet, with columns and rows. There are also lots of analytic functions available to use with Pandas.

In my previous blog post I showed how you could extract tweets using the Twitter API and to do selective pulls using the Tweepy Python library. Now that we have these tweet how do I go about converting them into Pandas for additional analysis? But before we do that we need to understand a bit more a bout the structure of the Tweet object that is returned by the Twitter API. We can examine the structure of the User object and the Tweet object using the following commands.

dir(user)

['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__getstate__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 '_api',
 '_json',
 'contributors_enabled',
 'created_at',
 'default_profile',
 'default_profile_image',
 'description',
 'entities',
 'favourites_count',
 'follow',
 'follow_request_sent',
 'followers',
 'followers_count',
 'followers_ids',
 'following',
 'friends',
 'friends_count',
 'geo_enabled',
 'has_extended_profile',
 'id',
 'id_str',
 'is_translation_enabled',
 'is_translator',
 'lang',
 'listed_count',
 'lists',
 'lists_memberships',
 'lists_subscriptions',
 'location',
 'name',
 'needs_phone_verification',
 'notifications',
 'parse',
 'parse_list',
 'profile_background_color',
 'profile_background_image_url',
 'profile_background_image_url_https',
 'profile_background_tile',
 'profile_banner_url',
 'profile_image_url',
 'profile_image_url_https',
 'profile_link_color',
 'profile_location',
 'profile_sidebar_border_color',
 'profile_sidebar_fill_color',
 'profile_text_color',
 'profile_use_background_image',
 'protected',
 'screen_name',
 'status',
 'statuses_count',
 'suspended',
 'time_zone',
 'timeline',
 'translator_type',
 'unfollow',
 'url',
 'utc_offset',
 'verified']

dir(tweets)

['__class__',
 '__delattr__',
 '__dict__',
 '__dir__',
 '__doc__',
 '__eq__',
 '__format__',
 '__ge__',
 '__getattribute__',
 '__getstate__',
 '__gt__',
 '__hash__',
 '__init__',
 '__init_subclass__',
 '__le__',
 '__lt__',
 '__module__',
 '__ne__',
 '__new__',
 '__reduce__',
 '__reduce_ex__',
 '__repr__',
 '__setattr__',
 '__sizeof__',
 '__str__',
 '__subclasshook__',
 '__weakref__',
 '_api',
 '_json',
 'author',
 'contributors',
 'coordinates',
 'created_at',
 'destroy',
 'entities',
 'favorite',
 'favorite_count',
 'favorited',
 'geo',
 'id',
 'id_str',
 'in_reply_to_screen_name',
 'in_reply_to_status_id',
 'in_reply_to_status_id_str',
 'in_reply_to_user_id',
 'in_reply_to_user_id_str',
 'is_quote_status',
 'lang',
 'parse',
 'parse_list',
 'place',
 'retweet',
 'retweet_count',
 'retweeted',
 'retweets',
 'source',
 'source_url',
 'text',
 'truncated',
 'user']

We can see all this additional information to construct what data we really want to extract.

The following example illustrates the searching for tweets containing a certain word and then extracting a subset of the metadata associated with those tweets.

oracleace_tweets = tweepy.Cursor(api.search,q="oracleace").items()
tweets_data = []
for t in oracleace_tweets:
   tweets_data.append((t.author.screen_name,
                       t.place,
                       t.lang,
                       t.created_at,
                       t.favorite_count,
                       t.retweet_count,
                       t.text.encode('utf8')))

We print the contents of the tweet_data object.

print(tweets_data)

[('jpraulji', None, 'en', datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 28, 13, 41, 59), 0, 5, 'RT @tanwanichandan: Hello Friends,\n\nODevC Yatra is schedule now for all seven location.\nThis time we have four parallel tracks i.e. Databas…'), ('opal_EPM', None, 'en', datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 28, 13, 15, 30), 0, 6, "RT @odtug: Oracle #ACE Director @CaryMillsap is presenting 2 #Kscope18 sessions you don't want to miss! \n- Hands-On Lab: How to Write Bette…"), ('msjsr', None, 'en', datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 28, 12, 32, 8), 0, 5, 'RT @tanwanichandan: Hello Friends,\n\nODevC Yatra is schedule now for all seven location.\nThis time we have four parallel tracks i.e. Databas…'), ('cmvithlani', None, 'en', datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 28, 12, 24, 10), 0, 5, 'RT @tanwanichandan: Hel ......

I've only shown a subset of the tweets_data above.

Now we want to convert the tweets_data object to a panda object. This is a relative trivial task but an important steps is to define the columns names otherwise you will end up with columns with labels 0,1,2,3...

import pandas as pd

tweets_pd = pd.DataFrame(tweets_data,
                         columns=['screen_name', 'place', 'lang', 'created_at', 'fav_count', 'retweet_count', 'text'])

Now we have a panda structure that we can use for additional analysis. This can be easily examined as follows.

tweets_pd

 	screen_name 	place 	lang 	created_at 	fav_count 	retweet_count 	text
0 	jpraulji 	None 	en 	2018-05-28 13:41:59 	0 	5 	RT @tanwanichandan: Hello Friends,\n\nODevC Ya...
1 	opal_EPM 	None 	en 	2018-05-28 13:15:30 	0 	6 	RT @odtug: Oracle #ACE Director @CaryMillsap i...
2 	msjsr 	None 	en 	2018-05-28 12:32:08 	0 	5 	RT @tanwanichandan: Hello Friends,\n\nODevC Ya...

Now we can use all the analytic features of pandas to do some analytics. For example, in the following we do a could of the number of times a language has been used in our tweets data set/panda, and then plot it.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

tweets_by_lang = tweets_pd['lang'].value_counts()
print(tweets_by_lang)

lang_plot = tweets_by_lang.plot(kind='bar')
lang_plot.set_xlabel("Languages")
lang_plot.set_ylabel("Num. Tweets")
lang_plot.set_title("Language Frequency")

en    182
fr      7
es      2
ca      2
et      1
in      1

Similarly we can analyse the number of times a twitter screen name has been used, and limited to the 20 most commonly occurring screen names.

tweets_by_screen_name = tweets_pd['screen_name'].value_counts()
#print(tweets_by_screen_name)

top_twitter_screen_name = tweets_by_screen_name[:20]
print(top_twitter_screen_name)

name_plot = top_twitter_screen_name.plot(kind='bar')
name_plot.set_xlabel("Users")
name_plot.set_ylabel("Num. Tweets")
name_plot.set_title("Frequency Twitter users using oracleace")

oraesque           7
DBoriented         5
Addidici           5
odtug              5
RonEkins           5
opal_EPM           5
fritshoogland      4
svilmune           4
FranckPachot       4
hariprasathdba     3
oraclemagazine     3
ritan2000          3
yvrk1973           3
...

There you go, this post has shown you how to take twitter objects, convert them in pandas and then use the analytics features of pandas to aggregate the data and create some plots.

Check out the other blog posts in this series of Twitter Analytics using Python.

Call for Papers : UKOUG Annual Conferences : Closes 4th June at 9am (UK)

The call for Papers (presentations) for the UKOUG Annual Conferences is open until 9am (UK time) on Monday 4th June.

Me: What are you waiting for? Go and submit a topic! Why not!

You: Humm, well..., (excuse, excuse, ...)

Me: What?

You: I couldn't do that! Present at a conference?

Me: Why not?

You: That is only for experts and I'm not one.

Me: Wrong! If you have a story to tell, then you can present.

You: But I've never presented before, it scares me, but one day I'd like to try.

Me: Go for it, do it. If you want you can co-present with me.

You: But, But, But .....

I'm sure you have experienced something like the above conversation before. You don't have to be an expert to present, you don't have to know everything about a product to present, you don't have to be using the latest and brightest technologies to present, you don't have to present about something complex, etc. (and the list goes on and on)

The main thing to remember is, if you have a story to tell then that is your presentation. Be it simple, complex, only you might be interested in it, it involves making lots of bits of technology work, you use a particular application in a certain way, you found something interesting, you used a new process, etc (and the list goes on and on)

I've talked to people who "ranted" for two hours about a certain topic (its was about Dates in Oracle), but when I said you should give a presentation on that, they say NO, I couldn't do that!. (If you are that person and you are reading this, then go on and submit that presentation).

If you don't want to present alone, then reach out to someone else and ask them if they are interested in co-presenting. Most experienced presenters would be very happy to do this.

You: But the topic area I'll talk about is not listed on the submission page?

Me: Good point, just submit it and pick the topic area that is closest.

You: But my topic would be of interest to the APPs and Tech conference, what do I do?

Me: Submit it to both, and let the agenda planners work out where it will fit.

I've presented at both APPs and Tech over the years and sometimess my Tech submission has been moved and accepted for the APPs conf, and vice versa.

Just do it!

Twitter Analytics using Python - Part 1

(This is probably the first part of, probably, a five part blog series on twitter analytics using Python. Make sure to check out the other posts and I'll post a wrap up blog post that will point to all the posts in the series)

(Yes there are lots of other examples out there, but I've put these notes together as a reminder for myself and a particular project I'm testing)

In this first blog post I will look at what you need to do get get your self setup for analysing Tweets, to harvest tweets and to do some basics. These are covered in the following five steps.

Step 1 - Setup your Twitter Developer Account & Codes

Before you can start writing code you need need to get yourself setup with Twitter to allow you to download their data using the Twitter API.

To do this you need to register with Twitter. To do this go to apps.twitter.com. Log in using your twitter account if you have one. If not then you need to go create an account.

Next click on the Create New App button.

Then give the Name of your app (Twitter Analytics using Python), a description, a webpage link (eg your blog or something else), click on the 'add a Callback URL' button and finally click the check box to agree with the Developer Agreement. Then click the 'Create your Twitter Application' button.

You will then get a web page like the following that contains lots of very important information. Keep the information on this page safe as you will need it later when creating your connection to Twitter.

The details contained on this web page (and below what is shown in the above image) will allow you to use the Twitter REST APIs to interact with the Twitter service.

Step 2 - Install libraries for processing Twitter Data

As with most languages there is a bunch of code and libraries available for you to use. Similarly for Python and Twitter. There is the Tweepy library that is very popular. Make sure to check out the Tweepy web site for full details of what it will allow you to do.

To install Tweepy, run the following.

pip3 install tweepy

It will download and install tweepy and any dependencies.

Step 3 - Initial Python code and connecting to Twitter

You are all set to start writing Python code to access, process and analyse Tweets.

The first thing you need to do is to import the tweepy library. After that you will need to use the important codes that were defined on the Twitter webpage produced in Step 1 above, to create an authorised connection to the Twitter API.

After you have filled in your consumer and access token values and run this code, you will not get any response.

Step 4 - Get User Twitter information

The easiest way to start exploring twitter is to find out information about your own twitter account. There is a API function called 'me' that gathers are the user object details from Twitter and from there you can print these out to screen or do some other things with them. The following is an example about my Twitter account.

#Get twitter information about my twitter account
user = api.me()

print('Name: ' + user.name)
print('Twitter Name: ' + user.screen_name)
print('Location: ' + user.location)
print('Friends: ' + str(user.friends_count))
print('Followers: ' + str(user.followers_count))
print('Listed: ' + str(user.listed_count))

You can also start listing the last X number of tweets from your timeline. The following will take the last 10 tweets.

for tweets in tweepy.Cursor(api.home_timeline).items(10):
    # Process a single status
    print(tweets.text)

An alternative is, that returns only 20 records, where the example above can return X number of tweets.

public_tweets = api.home_timeline()
for tweet in public_tweets:
    print(tweet.text)

Step 5 - Get Tweets based on a condition

Tweepy comes with a Search function that allows you to specify some text you want to search for. This can be hash tags, particular phrases, users, etc. The following is an example of searching for a hash tag.

for tweet in tweepy.Cursor(api.search,q="#machinelearning",
                           lang="en",
                           since="2018-05-01").items(10):
    print(tweet.created_at, tweet.text)

You can apply additional search criteria to include restricting to a date range, number of tweets to return, etc

Check out the other blog posts in this series of Twitter Analytics using Python.

UKOUG EPM & Hyperion Event 6th June, 2018

Come up really soon is the annual EPM and Hyperion event organised by the UKOUG. This year it will be on 6th June at Sandown Park Racecourse (Portsmouth Rd, Esher, KT10 9AJ).

If you have ever been to Sandown Park Racecourse you will know how fantastic a venue it is. And if you have been to a previous UKOUG EPM & Hyperion event before you will know how amazing it is.

Just go and book you place for this event now. If you are a UKOUG member this event could be free (depending on level of membership) but if you aren't a member, you can still go to this event. You can either become a UKOUG member and attend the event or pay the small event fee and attend the event.

From what I've heard a lot of people have already signed up to go, and I can see why. The agenda is jammed packed with end-user and customer case studies, as well as presentations from key people from Oracle people and and leading Oracle partners.

The exhibition space has been sold out! This will give you plenty of opportunities to get talking to various partners and service providers, and get your key questions answered at this event.

There will be a Panel Session at the end of the day. I love these panel sessions and gives everyone a chance to ask questions or to listen, or to join in with the discussion.

Lots and lots of value and learning to be had at this event. Go register now.

Creating a Word Cloud using Python

Over the past few days I've been doing a bit more playing around with Python, and create a word cloud. Yes there are lots of examples out there that show this, but none of them worked for me. This could be due to those examples using the older version of Python, libraries/packages no long exist, etc. There are lots of possible reasons. So I have to piece it together and the code given below is what I ended up with. Some steps could be skipped but this is what I ended up with.

Step 1 - Read in the data

In my example I wanted to create a word cloud for a website, so I picked my own blog for this exercise/example. The following code is used to read the website (a list of all packages used is given at the end).

import nltk
from urllib.request import urlopen
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

url = "http://www.oralytics.com/"
html = urlopen(url).read()
print(html)

The last line above, print(html), isn't needed, but I used to to inspect what html was read from the webpage.

Step 2 - Extract just the Text from the webpage

The Beautiful soup library has some useful functions for processing html. There are many alternative ways of doing this processing but this is the approached that I liked.

The first step is to convert the downloaded html into BeautifulSoup format. When you view this converted data you will notices how everything is nicely laid out.

The second step is to remove some of the scripts from the code.

soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
print(soup)

# kill all script and style elements
for script in soup(["script", "style"]):
    script.extract()    # rip it out
    
print(soup)

Step 3 - Extract plain text and remove whitespacing

The first line in the following extracts just the plain text and the remaining lines removes leading and trailing spaces, compacts multi-headlines and drops blank lines.

text = soup.get_text()
print(text)

# break into lines and remove leading and trailing space on each
lines = (line.strip() for line in text.splitlines())
# break multi-headlines into a line each
chunks = (phrase.strip() for line in lines for phrase in line.split("  "))
# drop blank lines
text = '\n'.join(chunk for chunk in chunks if chunk)

print(text)

Step 4 - Remove stop words, tokenise and convert to lower case

As the heading says this code removes standard stop words for the English language, removes numbers and punctuation, tokenises the text into individual words, and then converts all words to lower case.

#download and print the stop words for the English language
from nltk.corpus import stopwords
#nltk.download('stopwords')
stop_words = set(stopwords.words('english'))
print(stop_words)

#tokenise the data set
from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize, word_tokenize
words = word_tokenize(text)
print(words)

# removes punctuation and numbers
wordsFiltered = [word.lower() for word in words if word.isalpha()]
print(wordsFiltered)

# remove stop words from tokenised data set
filtered_words = [word for word in wordsFiltered if word not in stopwords.words('english')]
print(filtered_words)

Step 5 - Create the Word Cloud

Finally we can create a word cloud backed on the finalised data set of tokenised words. Here we use the WordCloud library to create the word cloud and then the matplotlib library to display the image.

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

wc = WordCloud(max_words=1000, margin=10, background_color='white',
               scale=3, relative_scaling = 0.5, width=500, height=400,
               random_state=1).generate(' '.join(filtered_words))

plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.imshow(wc)
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()
#wc.to_file("/wordcloud.png")

We get the following word cloud.

Step 6 - Word Cloud based on frequency counts

Another alternative when using the WordCloud library is to generate a WordCloud based on the frequency counts. For this you need to build up a table containing two items. The first item is the distinct token and the second column contains the number of times that word/token appears in the text. The following code shows this code and the code to generate the word cloud based on this frequency count.

from collections import Counter

# count frequencies
cnt = Counter()
for word in filtered_words:
    cnt[word] += 1

print(cnt)

from wordcloud import WordCloud
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

wc = WordCloud(max_words=1000, margin=10, background_color='white',
               scale=3, relative_scaling = 0.5, width=500, height=400,
               random_state=1).generate_from_frequencies(cnt)

plt.figure(figsize=(20,10))
plt.imshow(wc)
#plt.axis("off")
plt.show()

Now we get the following word cloud.

When you examine these word cloud to can easily guess what the main contents of my blog is about. Machine Learning, Oracle SQL and coding.

What Python Packages did I use?

Here are the list of Python libraries that I used in the above code. You can use PIP3 to install these into your environment.

nltk
url open
BeautifulSoup
wordcloud
Counter

Oracle Machine Learning Users on ADWC

One of the new features of the Autonomous Data Warehouse Cloud (ADWC) service is Oracle Machine Learning. This is a Zeppelin based notebook for your machine learning on ADWC. Check out my previous blog post about this.

In order to be able to use this new product and the in-database machine learning in ADWC, you will need your database user to have certain privileges. The first step in this is to create a typical user for accessing the ADWC and grant it the necessary OML privileges.

To do this open the ADWC console and then open the Service Console.



This will then open a new admin page which contains a link for 'Manage Oracle ML User'. Click on this.



You can then enter the Username, Password and other details for the user, and then click Create.
This will then create a new user that is specific for Oracle Machine Learning. This new user will be granted the DWROLE, that contains the basic schema privileges and the privileges required to run the in-database machine learning algorithms. For those that a familiar with Oracle Data Mining/Oracle Advanced Analytics option in the Enterprise Edition of the Oracle database, you will see that these privileges are very similar.

You can examine the privileges granted to this DWROLE in the database as an administrator. When you do you will see the following:

CREATE ANALYTIC VIEW 
CREATE ATTRIBUTE DIMENSION 
ALTER SESSION 
CREATE HIERARCHY 
CREATE JOB 
CREATE MINING MODEL 
CREATE PROCEDURE 
CREATE SEQUENCE 
CREATE SESSION 
CREATE SYNONYM 
CREATE TABLE 
CREATE TRIGGER 
CREATE TYPE 
CREATE VIEW READ,WRITE ON directory DATA_PUMP_DIR 
EXECUTE privilege on the PL/SQL package DBMS_CLOUD

My 4th Book is now available - Data Science (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)

I almost forgot, but my 4th book has been published !

It is titled 'Data Science' and is published by MIT Press as part of their Essentials Knowledge series, and is co-written with John Kelleher.

It is available on Amazon in print, Kindle and Audio formats.  Go check it out.

This book gives a concise introduction to the emerging field of data science, explaining its evolution, relation to machine learning, current uses, data infrastructure issues and ethical challenge the goal of data science is to improve decision making through the analysis of data. Today data science determines the ads we see online, the books and movies that are recommended to us online, which emails are filtered into our spam folders, even how much we pay for health insurance.

Go check it out. 

Amazon.com

Amazon.co.uk

 

Predicting IBS in Dogs using Oracle 18c in the Cloud

Over the past 6-8 months I've been working on a project with the Veterinary School of Medicine, part of University of Dublin. The project was focused on using Machine Learning to find patterns in blood tests and x-rays from dogs who are are suffering with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) in dogs.

Over the past five years the Veterinary School of Medicine has built up a very larger data set of blood samples, x-rays, family history of the dog, eating habits of the dogs, etc.

This project has finally completed and it is only now that I can share with you some of the results and lessons we learned during the project.

The first part of the project was getting all this historical data loaded into and Oracle 12.2c database. This was a relatively simple task but this it did take a bit of coding to get the data model correct and to perform the necessary data transformations and integration needed, as illustrated in the following diagram.

Once the data was loaded into the database we could start using the in-database Machine Learning algorithms to find patterns that indicated if a dog was suffering from IBS, and ideally if they were in the early stages of IBS. The treatments for early detection had a higher success rate.

We began using the GUI Oracle Data Miner tool, part of SQL Developer, to build the predictive model workflows.

But the results we were getting was very disappointing. We were getting average predictive accuracy of 56% for all the models. This is not good and not much better than flipping a coin.

We were a bit stuck at this point about what to do next, and then Oracle's Cloud Engagement team heard about our troubles and suggested that we join the Oracle 18c beta. They got us setup and running with a beta Oracle 18c cloud instance in no time and within a couple of days we are generating new machine learning models.

Oracle 18c has a number of new features that Oracle thought would be useful to use. Firstly they had a new and improved Neural Networks algorithm that had better accuracy when working with images stored as BLOBs, plus there was a number of new SQL analytic functions. One particular function was TO_DOG_YEAR(). A year in a dogs life is not 365 days, and is dependent on the age of the dog as the length of a dog year changes with age and the breed of the dog. Some recent research indicates the geography location and origin of the dog also plays a part.

The syntax of this function is

TO_DOG_YEAR ( 
   DOB			DATE
   FEMALE		BOOLEAN
   NLS_BREED	STRING )

If you do a bit of googling you will find other blog posts that discuss this new function. Some of these can be found here and here.

Oracle has been working with veterinary schools around the world on this problem and hence the introduction of this new SQL analytic function in Oracle 18c. This function accepts the DOB of the dog (DATE), if the dog is Female, and the Breed of the dog. It then calculates the appropriate age of the dog down to the nearest day. We built this into our machine learning workflow, and were very surprised by the outcomes. The predictive accuracy of the models went from 56% to 93%. That is an amazing jump. Perhaps too amazing. But after a few days of extra validation we concluded the difference was down to the new TO_DOG_YEAR() function and the ability to so accurately calculate the age of the dog.

In the last few weeks we have noticed, after the latest Oracle 18c patch has automatically been applied, that this function now has an additional parameter, this is OWN_SMOKE, and seems to indicated if the dog is owned by someone who smokes. This will indeed affect the age of the animal. We having had a chance to try this new parameter yet, but hope to soon.

The following diagram shows the updated workflow along with the transformation node that uses the TO_DOG_YEAR() function.

If you do a bit of googling you will find lots of research by various veterinary schools around the world, who spend so much time researching the various aspects that apply to this calculation. It was this research and Oracle's involvement in previous research that resulted in the TO_DOG_YEAR() function being included in Oracle 18c.

A more detailed research paper going to be published in the International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine in June 2018 (Volume 6, Issue 1). This paper will explain in more details of the effects of age, breed and sex has on the accuracy of the machine learning models.

We have also been asked to submit our project to Oracle Open World, and it is currently been considered for early selection. This will allow OOW to include this project in their promotional material.

Update 2nd April

A little update for those who didn’t realize this was posted on 1st of April. It was an April Fool common idea from some Oracle Community buddies on the post-UKOUG_TECH17 trip. And what remains true all the year is how this community is full of awesome people. Check out some of the other posts.

Franck Pachot: After IoT, IoP makes its way to the database

Martin Berger: tested performance

Pieter Van Puymbroeck: realized it was offloaded in Exadata

Øyvind Isene: provides a way to test it with a cloud discount

Connor McDonald/AskTom: yes they also joined in with the fun